After the terrorist attack of September 11, 2001 in New York City, it is now believed that experience of terror and war is not only confined to certain areas of conflict, but can involve any part of the world. Since the introduction of Posttraumatic stress disorder in 1980 the negative psychological effects of war or terror on veterans have been known, however studies on civilians are sparse. This article reviews research findings on psychological effects of war and terror on civilians. Even though quite a few studies have methodological weakness such as lack of prospective studies, small size of sample, or difficulty with controlling predisaster psychopathology, following features have emerged.
1) Terror and war is a risk factor for PTSD and other adjustment problems, however individuals' experiences vary in the type and severity of trauma and degree of exposure. There is a growing body of literature on importance of indirect media exposure and nonviolent trauma such as loss of housing, poverty, displacement and separation.
2) Scope of effect is wide. The trauma of terror and war affects individuals, families, communities, the nation and even the next generations. Protective factors, that is, family and community ties should be emphasized on disaster plan.
3) Psychiatrists can play an important role in recognition and treatment of disaster-related mental disorders, education of other health care providers and community, and giving advice to patients and their families.
These findings suggest that the effects of terror and war can be better understood if we consider multiple aspects, types, and sources of trauma the individuals are exposed to.
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